■^^*  AN     ADDRESS 


DELIVERED    AT    THEIR    TENT, 


BEFORE    THE 


DORCHESTER  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 


ANO     X    LAROE 


ASSEMBLAGE  OF  THE  CITIZENS  OF  DORCHESTER. 


AND     SOME    OF    THE    ADJOINING    COUNTIES, 


AT   THE   FOURTH   EXHIBITION  AND   FAIR, 


CAMBRIDGE,  I^OVEMBER  2,  1837. 


BY  JOSEPH   E.  MUSE, 

PRESIDENT      OK      THE      SOCIETY 


PUBLISHED    BY    THE    BOARD. 


PRINTED     BY     JOHN      D.     TOY,     BALTIWOUE. 
1837. 


^ 


UCSB  LIBRARY 


Y-c 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Dorchester  Agricultural  Society,  held 
in  Cambridge,  on  the  4th  of  November,  1837,  the  following 
resolutions   were  adopted: 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Society  be  tendered  to  the  Presi- 
dent, Dr.  Joseph  E.  Muse,  for  his  able  and  highly  interesting  Address 
delivered  on  the  2d  inst.  to  the  Society,  and  a  large  assemblage  of  the 
citizens  of  Dorchester  and  some  of  the  adjoining  counties. 

Resolved,  That  he  he  requested  to  furnish  a  copy  of  his  Address  for 
publication. 

Resolved,  That  the  Address  be  published  in  pamphlet  form,  for  the 
purpose  of  distribution. 

■  Resolved,  That  the  publishers  of  the  Cultivator,  New  York;  Far- 
mers' Register,  Virginia;  Cambridge  Chronicle,  and  Aurora,  be  re- 
quested to  give  the  same  an  insertion. 

Resolved,  That  Thomas  Hay  ward,  Esqr.  and  Dr.  Hooper,  be  a 
committee  to  carry  the  foregoing  resolutions  into  effect. 


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ADDRESS 


TO   THE 


DORCHESTER  AGRICULTURAL   SOCIETY; 

I..  

Addressing  an  audience  so  highly  respectable, 
intelligent  and  informed — and  too,  upon  a  theme  so 
full  of  dignity,  utility  and  science,  as  the  present,  it 
is  natural  that  I  should  feel  embarrassed  in  the 
undertaking,  and  solicit  their  favourable  indulgence; 
resting  my  claim  upon  the  integrity  of  the  purpose 
and  the  excellence  of  the  cause,  rather  than  upon 
the  hope  of.  a  successful  performance  of  the  task. 

The  character  of  agriculture,  the  great  object  of 
our  present  devotions,  has,  from  the  earliest  memorials 
of  man,  been  highly  estimated — because,  it  had  been 
ordained  by  the  author  of  all  good,  and  was  coessen- 
tial  and  coincident  with  human  life  and  sustenance — 
from  the  remotest  periods  of  civil  history,  it  has 
occupied  an  elevated  rank,  correspondent  with  that 
of  the  human  intellect ;  and  at  the  present  day,  the 
.impress  of  its  divine  authority,  is  to  be  found  in  the 
loftiest  eminence  of  the  natural  sciences. 

In  this  sublime  group  of  omniscient  creation,  we 
behold  the  faithful  confederates  of  agriculture,  in 
unremitting  attentions  upon  this  ^alma  mater^  of  tlje 
universe.  At  the  shrine  of  this  dignified  majesty, 
we  behold  her  numerous  votarists,  ^geology,'^  ^mine- 
2 


ralogy,'  'zoology/  'chemistry/  'physiology/  'botany/ 
'meteorology/  and  a  host  of  others,  offering  up  their 
daily  contributions. 

Before  an  audience,  so  enlightened  as  that  by 
which  I  am  now  honoured,  to  dwell  upon  the  merits 
and  excellence  of  an  object  of  universal  admiration, 
by  all  whom  providence  has  blessed  with  capacity  to 
admire,  would  be  vain  and  superfluous — to  demon- 
strate the  importance  of  agriculture,  it  has  been 
justly  said,  would  be  'like  demonstrating  the  advan- 
tage of  having  food  to  eat,  and  clothes  to  wear,'  and 
the  classic  '^Ovid/  before  the  period  of  the  Christian 
era,  has  registered  in  strong  and  comprehensive 
terms,  the  devotion  of  the  Roman  citizen  to  this 
tutelar  divinity,  'prima  dedit  fruges — prima  dedit 
leges — cereris  sunt  omnia  munus.^ 

I  shall  therefore  call  your  attention  to  such  topics 
as  may  appear  to  come  within  the  immediate  scope 
of  the  purposes  of  our  society,  and  to  form  the  great 
motives  of  our  institution — the  promotion  of  this 
dignified  character — a  few  of  the  reasons  why  she 
slumbers — and  some  of  the  measures  which  may 
contribute  to  her  revival. 

These  are  the  grave  and  weighty  subjects  of  con- 
sideration, which  hang  upon  the  minds  of  all  her 
advocates — of  all  who  are  worthy  of  estimation  in 
the  community.  Who  is  not  her  friend,  is  her  foe — 
and  her  foe  is  the  foe  of  mankind.  Will  this  senti- 
ment be  controverted  by  the  plea,  'I  am  a  lawyer' — - 
a  'physician' — a  'divine  ?  Are  these  not  concerned — 
deeply  concerned  in  the  promotion  of  agriculture? 
Shall  these  honourable  members  of  society  say,  'we 
have  no  crops — no  stocks — no  articles  for  exhibition, 
or  premium,  and  our  moneys  shall  not  be  wasted  in 
this  idle  pageant  ?    I  hope  the  day  may  not  arrive, 


when  experience  too  late  may  teach  the  error  of  this 
evasion — when  too  late,  they  may  revoke  their  judg- 
ment and  expiate  their  delinquency  by  the  adverse 
destinies  of  their  country,  themselves  and  their 
posterity. 

In  taking  a  view  of  the  agricultural  interests  of 
Dorchester — indeed  of  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Mary- 
land, and  perhaps  of  the  state  at  large,  the  first 
alarming  fact  presented  to  the  mind,  anxious  for  the 
welfare  of  its  native  home,  is  the  rapid  emigration  of 
its  citizens,  to  other  growing  and  rival  sections — and 
the  menacing  prospect  of  depopulation  and  impover- 
ishment. 

The  question  naturally  occurs,  'whence  comes  this 
fatal  course  of  events?  Why  should  Maryland, 
whose  geographical  position  and  geological  resources 
are  equal  to  any  in  the  Union,  loiter  in  the  rear  of 
other  sections  of  our  promising  territory,  and  when 
they  are  swimming;  in  the  flowing  tide  of  successful 
experiment,  is  she  sinking  in  the  stagnant  pool  of 
adversity?  With  every  natural  advantage,  which 
providence  could  reasonably  bestow  upon  her,  she  is 
on  the  brink  of  perdition — yes,  merited  perdition — 
spontaneous  and  suicidal  Whence  comes  then,  this 
imminently  impending  fate,  at  once  so  wanton  and  so 
unnatural  7 

This  is  a  grave  question,  full  of  consequences,  and 
one  which  it  becomes  our  duty  to  our  country,  to 
ourselves,  and  to  our  children,  to  investigate,  and 
remedy  by  all  the  moral  force  we  can  command — by 
all  the  intelligence  and  information  we  can  acquire — 
by  all  the  physical  abilities  we  can  bring  into  action — 
without  the  concurrent  influence  of  these  powers, 
our  native  and  beloved  state  will  be  abandoned,  for- 
lorn and  desolate — our  children  impoverished,  and 


a 

our  memories  banded  down  to  posterity,  as  just  and 
fit  subjects  of  desecration  and  contempt.  , 

Whence  comes  then,  1  repeat,  these  physical  and 
moral  evils  ? 

With  due  respect  to  the  honourable  body  of  our 
legislature,  I  maintain  that  their  apathy  and  their 
injustice  have  contributed  largely  to  these  mis-i 
fortunes.  [ 

I  am  conscious  of  the  obnoxiousness  of  this  senti-, 
ment — but  I  wish  to  be  understood  as  applying  my 
remarks  to  the  principle,  ^ad  rem,'  and  not  'ad  perso-i 
nam,'  not  to  the  agent  but  to  the  action.  That  honour- 
able body  have  refused  a  fostering  hand,  when  suppli- 
cated for  assistance,  and  under  circumstances  of  the 
most  imminent  peril;  when  redemption  and  preserva-t 
tion  were  within  their  command.  When  other  inte- 
rests were  regarded  and  sustained — rail  roads  and 
canals  indefinitely  countenanced — rocks  and  moun- 
tains excavated — embankments  erected  upon  valleys,  at 
the  cost  of  millions — all  these  bounteous  acts  of 
beneficence  have  been  conferred  upon  other  interests, 
when  the  needy  and  supplicant  farmer  has  been 
rejected,  and  refused  a  dollar  from  the  munificent 
chamber  and  its  overflowing  coffers ;  with  a  sad  and 
ominous  veto  upon  his  last  hope — yes,  upon  his 
rightful  claim  and  demand,  he  is  told  to  retire,  ^we 
have  other  bantlings  to  nourish,  more  deserving  of 
our  favour,  more  congenial  to  our  fancy;  you  are  a 
passive  subordinate  creation ;  others  there  are  more 
bold,  more  prominent — when  they  are  satisfied,  you 
shall  have  the  fragments,  if  any  there  be,  remaining 
of  the  feast.' 

When  this  key-stone  of  the  ark  of  safety,  wealth 
and  independence,  is  already  loosened,  and  the 
great  fabric   is   tottering  before   the   eyes   of  that 


honourable  body,  when  in  this  perilous  condition,^ 
this  devoted  class,  Hhe  tillers  of  the  soil,'  are  driven 
from  their  native  attachments  by  successive  and  con- 
tinuous losses  and  misfortunes,  in  their  professional 
'  occupations,  to  a  land  of  strangers — to  the  west  and 
south,  where  the  youthful  vigour  of  nature,  has  not 
yet  been  impaired — or  to  the  north  and  east,  where, 
under  the  auspices  of  a  more  liberal  and  propitious 
policy,  the  menacing  approach  of  decay  is  arrested ; 
and  the  consequent  impending  evils  averted  by 
legislative  wisdom — by  bounties,  and  premiums  for 
the  growth  and  manufacture  of  new  species  of  crops, 
which  an  altered  climate  and  other  circumstances 
had  demanded,  in  place  of  the  old  and  accustomed 
routine — when  these  things  were  known  to  the  most 
uninformed — this  depressed  class  is  rejected — unas- 
sisted— unheeded — and  unregarded. 

While  I  have  the  faculty  of  speech,  to  utter  the 
sentiments  of  my  heart,  and  to  express  the  convic- 
tions of  my  mind,  I  will  denounce,  because  I  ahhor 
this  action  of  our  legislature,  as  a  violation  of  the 
principles  of  political  justice,  and  true  political 
economy — and  leading  to  the  ruin  of  the  best  inte- 
rests of  our  country ; — it  inclines  me  to  exclaim  with 
the  astonished  poet,  ^proh  superi;  quantum  mortalia 
pectora,  ccecce  noctis  habent.^ 

In  concurrence  with  other  causes  of  a  physical 
character,  this  policy — this  false  judgment  of  that 
honourable  body,  has  nearly  extirpated  the  last  hope 
of  agriculture  in  Maryland.  And  without  a  speedy 
relief,  this  radical  interest,  from  which  all  others 
spring,  and  upon  which  they  stibsist,  with  its  nume- 
rous retinue  of  dependents,  will  languish  and  irrevo- 
cably be  lost. 

In  regard  to  the  physical  causes  of  the  menacing 


10 

condition  of  our  agricultural  interests,  the  most  gene- 
ral  and  prominent  may  be  found  in  the  fluctuations  of 
'climate^  and  the  present  unfitness  of  'station^  for  the. 
^wheaf  crop — a  term  used  by  geologists,  to  denote 
that  locality  of  animal  and  vegetable  existence, 
where  a  combination  of  physical  circumstances, 
favourable  to  the  development  of  their  respective 
organization,  may  have  established  them. 

Many  centuries  ago,  the  classic  farmer  of  Mantua, 
the  immortal  Virgil,  impressively  taught  the  impor- 
tance of  this  inquiry — the  fitness  of  ^station'' — and  to 
*learn  the  winds  and  the  various  qualities  of  the 
^climate/  for  successful  cultivation,  ^hic  segetes,  illic 
veniunt  felices  uv(r^  and  he  adds,  ^these  laws  and 
eternal  regulations,  nature  from  the  beginning,  or-^ 
dained.' 

Without  occupying  your  time,  to  dwell  upon  the 
beauties  of  this  arrangement — upon  this  conspicuous 
instance  of  providential  wisdom,  goodness  and  power, 
which  all  nature  is  daily  unfolding  to  our  view — it  is 
sufficient  for  the  present  purpose,  to  notice  the  fact 
of  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  whole  organic 
world,  by  this  rule  of  specific  self-adaptation,  implied 
in  the  term  ^station' — it  is  one  which  is  accepted  as 
a  truthj  by  the  common  consent  of  mankind,  because 
it  is  founded  in  the  natural  and  necessary  sequence 
of  cause  and  effect — it  is  one  which  offers  a  rational 
solution  to  the  difficult  problem,  that  ^questio  vexata,^ 
the  loss  of  our  wheat  crop — and  it  is  full  of  interest 
to  all,  more  immediately,  perhaps,  to  the  agricultural 
class  of  our  community.  On  this  important  fact, 
geologists  too  have  instructed  us — -differing  only  on 
some  relative  questions  of  theory  and  individual 
opinion. 

At  that  eventful  olden  time,  when  the  first  creative 


11 

hand  converting  chaos  into  form,  consummated  the 
great  work  by  organic  life,  innumerable  evidences 
are  furnished  in  the  fossil  remains,  Hhat  the  animal 
and  vegetable  structure  vt^as  simple  and  imperfect,  in 
conformity  with  the  rude  condition  of  the  ^earth,' 
^climate'  and  other  physical  circumstances,  under 
which  they  were  placed.  As  this  condition  altered 
and  improved,  so  did  their  structures  become  more 
perfect  and  more  complex,  until  by  an  uninterrupted 
succession  of  physical  events,  we  behold  'nature^  as 
she  is,  enchanting  to  admiration,  and  in  her  sublime 
works  of  mechanism  and  design,  bespeaking  her 
divine  authority ;  and  by  her  infinite  wisdom  and 
power,  confounding  the  infidel,  and  establishing  the 
conviction  of  his  folly  and  his  imbecility. 

Whether  this  progressive  improvement  of  animal 
and  vegetable  life,  was  effected  by  a  successive  crea- 
tion and  destruction  of  new  species,  or  by  a  transmu-  - 
tation  of  the  originals,  and  their  progressive  advance- 
ment to  a  more  perfect  state,  are  questions  not 
essential  to  our  purpose ;  as  the  important  truth 
remains  in  either  case  unaffected,  that  fit  'stations^ 
are  essential  to  the  life  and  prosperity  of  the  respec- 
tive species,  and  they  must  find  them  or  perish  by 
the  established  laws  of  nature. 

That  many  animal  and  vegetable  species  have 
become  extinct  since  their  first  creation,  cannot  be 
reasonably  questioned ;  numerous  fossil  evidences 
establish  the  fact,  yet  in  the  general,  the  doctrine  of 
progressive  improvement  and  transmutation,  is  con- 
sistent with  experience  and  daily  observation;  and 
in  the  instance  of  our  ^wheaV  plant,  we  have  many 
of  us  witnessed  and  I  have  long  since  maintained 
upon  good  authority,  its  partial  transmutation'  against 
the  bold  assertions  and  inveterate  dogmas  of  adver- 


t2 

sary  opinionists^  who  seem  to  hold  their  creed  of 
physiology  as  a  code  of  moral  law ;  and  from  their 
sentimental  asperities  it  would  seem^  under  equal 
penalties  for  transgression. 

Upon  the  fact  of  'transmutation'  of  the  wheat 
plant,  much  evidence  might  be  adduced  ;  it  is  suffi- 
cient for  the  purpose  to  name  that  of  a  learned 
friend,  'Mr.  Featherstonhaugh/  the  United  States' 
geologist,  whose  acute  observation  and  high  and 
well  merited  fame,  and  acquirements  in  the  natural 
sciences,  are  ample  pledges  of  its  accuracy,  'that  he 
has  seen  stocks  of  'cheat'  developed  from  a  grain 
of  wheat,  under  the  most  infallible  circumstances ; 
and  I  might  name  others  which  leave  no  doubt,  on 
my  mind,  of  the  fact  of  transmutation  occasioned  by 
the  influence  of  various  physical  accidents. 

The  famed  Lamarck  quotes  many  examples  of  the 
changes  of  planta  in  their  forms,  faculties,  and  even 
in  their  organization,  by  a  change  of  the  physical 
conditions  under  which  they  are  placed ;  and  he 
justly  observes,  what  'nature'  brings  about  in  a  great 
lapse  of  time,  we  may  occasion  suddenly  :  some  plants 
are  made  to  lose  their  thorns;  some,  the  acridness 
of  their  juices;  others  have  their  ligneous  converted 
into  herbaceous  stems,  and  some,  which  are  peren- 
nials become  annuals  ;  an  unfavourable  climate,  ex- 
posure to  winds,  and  other  accidental  causes,  may 
give  rise  to  a  stunted  and  altered  race ;  and  mutatis 
mutandis. 

The  extravagance  to  which  Lamarck  has  carried 
out  this  doctrine,  should  not  vitiate  his  truths ;  that 
^man^  should  have  sprung  from  a  ^monad'  of  ani- 
mated matter,  and  by  progressive  improvement  have 
arrived  at  his  present  state  of  superiority,  is  absurd ; 
yet  it  is  unphilosophic  to  reject,  absolutely,  physical, 


13 

moral,  or  religious  truths,  because  they  may  have 
been  mingled  with  fanaticism  or  extended  to  absur- 
dities. Gold  is  not  contaminated  by  the  base  matrix 
in  which  it  may  be  found,  nor  should  the  lights  of 
truth,  which  this  talented  author  may  have  thrown 
upon  this  interesting  question,  be  extinguished  by 
his  casual  follies;  his  lucid  intervals  make  ample 
amends  for  his  odious  hallucinations. 

We  will  leave  this  controversy  and  revert  to  the 
important  and  settled  truth,  ^that  plants  as  well  as 
animals  require  certain  physical  conditions  for  their 
well-being,'  an  essential  point  of  which  is  ^c/maife,' 
which  for  causes  not  fully  known,  has  been  and 
continues  to  be  suffering  variations  throughout  the 
globe,  and  tending  to  a  diminution  of  temperature, 
and  consequently  no  locality  continues  to  be  suitable 
for  the  same  vegetable  or  animal  at  all  times ;  and 
if  our  crops  are  not  changed  with  the  change  of 
climate,  by  the  force  of  intelligence  and  judgment^ 
they  will  perish  and  disappoint  us ;  they  will  change 
themselves  by  the  force  of  the  laws  of  nature. 

In  the  present  regions  of  Siberia  and  many  other 
northern  countries,  are  found  direct  proofs  of  this 
fact,  in  the  fossil  remains  of  living  species,  the 
elephant,  the  lion,  the  tiger,  the  tree  fern,  the  palm, 
and  many  others,  ^as  we  are  informed  by  Mr.  Lyell 
knd  other  distinguished  naturalists,'  inhabitants  now, 
only  of  more  temperate  climates. 

To  this  cause,  then,  this  gradual  but  continued 
lowering  of  the  temperature  of  the  globe,  may  be 
referred  the  failure  of  our  wheat  crops ;  and  hence 
may  be  seen  the  necessity  to  supply  the  loss  by 
others,  adapted  to  the  new  phijsical  condition  of  the 
country. 

Twenty  years  and  more  have  borne  witness  to  the 
3 


14 

fact,  that  this  great  staple  with  us,  is  annually  de- 
clining ;  the  progress  of  this  evil,  though  gradual,  has 
been  with  few  exceptions  constant,  and  within  the 
last  few  years,  alarmingly  conspicuous;  the  pro- 
gressive revolution  of  the  climate  has  been  equally 
manifest,  to  all  who  are  in  the  habit  of  observation, 
clearly  indicating  the  cause  and  the  effect;  this 
essential  incident  of  ^station,^  once  so  congenial  to  the 
development  of  our  favourite  plant,  has  assumed  a 
7Lew  character  adversary  to  its  physiological  con- 
stitution. 

With  the  decline  of  the  general  temperature  of  the 
the  globe  for  ages  past,  and  established  upon  accu- 
mulated and  unquestionable  evidences,  collected  by 
distinguished  naturalists  already  named,  another  im- 
portant and  relevant  fact  is  equally  attested,  ^that 
under  the  influence  of  this  change,  plants  and  ani- 
mals, with  the  exception  of  a  few  individuals,  have 
been  from  the  most  ancient  periods  of  time,  regu- 
larly and  gradually  migrating  from  higher  to  lower 
latitudes ;  the  latter  from  the  general  decline  of  heat, 
having  acquired  that  degree,  for  which  they  had 
been  constituted ;  and  which  the  former  had  pre- 
viously possessed  and  now  lost ;  hence,  we  have  no 
reason  to  flatter  ourselves  with  the  hope  that  our 
wheat  plant  will  continue ;  and  resist  the  instinctive 
impulse  given  it  for  its  own  preservation,  by  the 
commanding  hand  of  nature. 

And  a  priori — it  is  deducible  from  causes,  ob- ' 
viously  still  in  operation,  that  a  comparatively  short 
period,  perhaps  half  a  century  or  a  little  more,  will 
find  the  wheat  plant  flourishing  only  in  the  most 
southern  sections  of  our  vast  empire ;  and  another 
period  still  longer,  may  in  all  probability,  cancel  it 
from  the  catalogue  of  vegetable  life. 


15 

Our  sister  states  of  higher  latitudes,  have  long 
since  experienced  the  effects  of  this  mutation  of 
climate  upon  their  wheat  crop ;  the  ^Northern  Far- 
mer/ of  New  England,  informs  us  that  fifty  years 
ago,  their  'wheat'  was  a  certain  and  profitable  crop ; 
and  that  noWy  they  cannot  by  any  mode  of  practice 
produce  enough  of  this  grain  to  defray  the  costs  of 
cultivation. 

Thus  by  a  diligent  review  of  the  past,  we  are 
enabled  to  direct  our  course  for  the  future  ;  we  are 
furnished  with  a  key  to  unlock  the  magnificent 
temple  of  nature,  disclose  her  enchanting  secrets, 
and  contemplate  her  wise  and  providential  plans, 
for  the  general  good  of  her  creation. 

A  fallacious  ground  has  been  assumed,  and  on 
very  respectable  authority,  against  the  continuance 
of  our  wheat  crop,  which  though  leading  to  the  pur- 
pose of  my  proposition  to  abandon  this  plant,  is  wholly 
untenable,  'that  land  tires  of  a  species,'  this  in  the 
sense  designed  is  an  unphilosophic  notion,  and  may 
produce  much  error  in  practice. 

The  theory  of  ^rotation  of  crops,''  rests  not  upon 
this  principle  but  upon  the  appetency  of  plants  for 
ultimate  principles,  peculiarly  essential  for  their  sus- 
tenance ;  and  respectively  consumed  in  the  different 
ratios  of  their  natural  demands  ;  by  a  fresh  supply  of 
manures,  the  consumed  principle  will  necessarily  be 
furnished,  and  the  capacity  of  the  land  for  reproduc- 
tion be  restored,  or  perpetually  preserved ;  but  it  is 
said  by  the  advocates  for  the  Hand  tiring  doctrine'  that 
the  remedy  of  manuring  is  incompetent  for  a  wheat 
crop,  where  formerly  the  plant  flourished ;  true, 
because  the  'station^  has  become  materially  modified, 
and  for  reasons  already  given,  we  must  adopt  others 
whose  habits  and  constitutions  are  conformable  to 
this  modification. 


16 

Our  desire  to  retain  this  crop,  is  founded  on  an 
amiable  principle  in  man,  often  conducive  to  his 
interests  ;  that  of  a  venerable  attachment  to  the  pre- 
scriptive law  of  usage  ;  yet  it  is  a  law,  which  like  all 
others  has  its  numerous  exceptions,  to  be  found  in 
the  absence  of  the  reasons,  from  which  they  derived 
their  validity.  In  regard  to  this  interesting  question 
of  the  policy  of  continuing  our  'wheat  crop/  another 
consideration  may  be  offered,  entitled  to  much  weight.. 

Every  individual  plant,  as  well  as  animal,  has  its 
respective  tribes  of  parasitic  insects,  which  peculiarly 
belong  to  it,  and  which  follow  it,  in  its  progressive 
migrations,  before  mentioned,  at  a  less  or  greater 
period  after  its  removal  to  its  newly  adopted  'station.'' 
The  longer  the  time  it  shall  have  occupied  its  new 
domicil,  the  greater  will  be  the  hostile  array  of  these 
predatory  tribes  upon  it :— ^no  better  evidence  can  be 
required  of  this  truth,  than  the  instance  of  the  ^Hes- 
sian fly,'  which  for  many  years,  had  not  annoyed  our 
wheat  crop,-^yet,  has  accumulated,  until,  alone,  it  is 
now  competent  to  its  destruction  :  and  annually,  we 
hear  of  new  enemies,  multiplying  upon  this  plant ; 
and,  which,  too,  will  never  abandon  their  post,  while 
we  supply  them  with  the  choice  forage,  for  which, 
they  had  made  their  incursions. 

From  a  change  of  climate,  and  other  incidental 
circumstances,  our  rich  harvests  which,  to  ourselves, 
and  our  ancestors,  had  yielded  a  bounteous  equiva- 
lent, for  cost  and  labour,  'have  degenerated  into  a 
fruitless  heritage,  continued  solely,  from  ancestral 
veneration,  and  the  irrefragable  bond  of  usage. 

For  occupying  so  much  of  your  time,  upon  sub- 
jects of  natural  science  which  may  have  appeared 
abstract,  and  irrelevant  to  that  of  agriculture,  I  must 
make  the  apology  of  its  necessity,  to  demonstrate  an 


17 

important  proposition,  ^that  our  wheat  crop  should 
be,  at  least,  considerably  curtailed — and,  new  crops, 
from  other  countries,  substituted  for  it.' 

From  the  view  I  have  taken,  too,  some  useful 
rules  may  be  drawn,  for. the  direction  of  those  whose 
enterprise  may  lead  them  to  discover,  and  introduce 
such  new  crops,  as  may,  with  the  greatest  prospect 
of  success,  supply  our  necessities. 

The  most  obvious  rule,  that  grows  out  of  the  pre- 
mises for  this  purpose  is,  ^that  the  selection  of  plants 
be  madcj  from  higher  latitudes,  than  those  to  which 
they  may  be  transferred. 

Since  we  have  seen,  that  the  mean  temperature  of 
the  globe  is  diminishing',  and,  with  this  cause,  neces- 
sarily, a  general  migration,  of  the  vegetable  and 
animal  species,  regularly,  though  slowly  progressive, 
from  the  poles  towards  the  equator,  in  quest  of  new 
^stations/  which  may  have  become  more  suitable  to 
their  habits  and  constitutions, — it  follows,  that  our 
selections  must  come  from  higher  latitudes,  in  confor- 
mity with  the  physical  laws,  under  which  they  had 
been  heretofore  moving ;  and,  with  as  wide  a  diffe- 
rence of  climate  as  experiment  may  prove  them 
capable  of  bearing :  this  removal  will  be  only  in  a7iti- 
cipation  of  their  natural  impulse:  and  what,  this 
impulse,  would,  in  a  longer  time,  have  kccomplished ; 
and  this  principle  of  selection  will  afford  a  reasonable 
hope,  cceteris  paribus,  of  a  longer  enjoyment  of  the 
plant,  than  had  it  been  found  in  the  south,  and 
brought  back  to  a  ^station,^  which  possibly,  it  may 
have  deserted  for  its  unfitness. 

It  has  been  wisely  said,  ^we  may  command  nature, 
only  by  obedience  to  her  laws  :  under  her  well  defin- 
ed laws,  as  we  have  seen,  the  physical  geography 
of  the  whole  globe  has  been  suffering   a  series  of 


18 

changes,  from  the  earliest  history  of  time — and,  by  a 
rule,  based  on  this  fact  of  natural  science,  the  culti- 
vator of  the  soil  must  select  his  crops,  and  graduate 
his  system  of  cultivation. 

Under  this  rule,  the  only  hope  remaining  for  a 
continuance  of  our  favourite  staple  crop,  vi^ill  be 
found  in  seed  wheat  from  higher  latitudes  ;  a  spring 
wheat  from  Switzerland,  and  another  from  Florence, 
have  recently  attracted  public  attention ;  yet,  but 
little  is  known  of  them ;  the  ^common  spring  wheat 
has  heretofore  disappointed  us ;  how  far  these  new 
varieties  may  supply  the  desideratum,  is  a  question  of 
intense  interest,  and  merits  the  most  prompt,  and 
earnest  investigation  :  I  have  purchased  some  small 
parcels  for  experiment,  and  shall  be  enabled,  at  the 
next  autumnal  exhibition,  for  the  Eastern  Shore  of 
Maryland,  to  be  held  at  Easton,  to  report  the  result. 

The  hope  of  a  change  of  climate,  propitious  to  our 
winter  wheat  is  delusive  and  groundless. 

The  extent  of  our  continent,  and  its  connection 
with  the  polar  circle  by  a  vast  chain  of  high  lands, 
have  fixed  upon  us  a  climate  of  excessive  rigour  and 
mutability, — when  the  continent  of  Europe  separated 
from  these  arctic  regions  by  an  ocean,  enjoys,  in  the 
same  parallels  of  latitude,  a  climate  i;nore  temperate 
and  more  equable  ;  and  it  is  much  to  be  apprehended 
from  well  known  physical  causes,  that  the  excessive 
character  of  our  climate  will  increase  rather  than 
diminish. 

The  felling  of  our  forests  and  the  cultivation  of 
our  lands,  as  Mr.  Lyell,  and  others  have  inferred ; 
and  the  well  known  principles  of  philosophy  teach 
us,  will  allow  a  copious  absorption  of  heat,  under 
our  nearly  vertical  sun;  which,  radiated  into  the 
atmosphere  will  rarify  it,  and  bring  in  upon  us  an 


19 

influx  of  the  condensed,  freezing  currents  of  the 
northern  mountains ;  and,  the  transitions  from  heat, 
to  cold,  will  probably  become  more  frequent,  more 
sudden,  and  more  considerable  in  the  direct  ratio  of 
those  causes,  which  are  progressive. 

The  same  authorities  too,  teach  us,  and  the  gene- 
ral principles  of  meteorology  support  the  doctrine, 
'that  forests  have  the  effect  of  promoting  rain  :  they 
cool,  and  condense  the  atmosphere  around  them  ; 
which,  mingling  with  the  aerial  currents  flying  over 
them,  arrests  their  progress,  and  supplies  us  with 
genial  showers,  that  otherwise,  might  have  passed  in 
vapour  J 

From  these  considerations  it  would  seem  too  clear 
to  be  questioned,  that  our  climate  ivill  not  improve, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  will  become  more  excessive, 
and  the  mean  temperature  lowered ;  our  winters 
more  rigorous, — our  summers  more  subject  to'm- 
iense  heat,  and  frequent  drought,  dindwind;  and  the 
fluctuations  greater  than  formerly,  or  at  present. 

Hence,  the  necessity  to  summon  fortitude, — and, 
by  future  wisdom,  economy,  and  perseverance,  to 
expiate  our  past  follies :— adopting  the  golden  motto, 
'JVe  cede  malis,  sed  contra,  audentior  ito.^ 

Under  a  conviction  of  this  truth,  and  from  repeated 
abortive  attempts  with  the  old  routine,  I  have  made 
the  experiment  of  many  new  crops, — and  I  regret  to 
acknowledge  I  have  not  yet  accomplished  my  views ; 
yet,  I  have  the  consolation,  that  by  the 'detection  of 
many  errors,  I  have  advanced  so  many  steps  to  my 
final  purpose. 

A  cotton  crop  which  I  continued  three  years,  pro- 
duced on  the  second,  a  strong  hope  of  success,  yield- 
ing twenty-five  thousand  pounds  of  seed  cotton, 
from  thirty  acres — the  third  crop  on  seventy  acres 


20 

was  almost  a  total  failure; — the  texture  was  fine^ 
and  it  commanded  a  better  price,  than  the  upland 
southern ;  yet  I  found  it  too  precarious,  for  profit. 

An  experiment,  a  few  years  past  with  hemp,  was 

'  flattering ; — I  have  no  doubt,  that  in  our  low  black 

lands,  the  hemp  crop  would  be  a  valuable  acquisition. 

I  have  this  season,  grown  the  ^sugar  beet,' — the 
^white  Silesian,'  and  have  a  large  product  of  fine 
roots  which  I  contemplate  manufacturing,  when  I 
receive  my  mill,  which  is  contracted  for; — having 
prepared  all  the  other  necessary  implements.  A 
faithful  report  will  be  made  of  the  result. 

Upon  a  fair  trial  of  the  Shipping  bean,  which  had 
been  highly  commended,  I  experienced  alndost  a 
total  failure ;— under  the  most  favourable  circum- 
stances, it  did  not  pay  costs. 

An  experiment  with  the  ^palma  christi,'  convinced 
me,  though  the  growth  was  fine,  that  the  tedious- 
ness  of  the  gathering  was  nearly  equivalent  to  the 
product  of  the  crop,  and  I  have  denounced  it,  as 
interrupting  more  time  than  it  is  worth. 

My  crops  of  Spanish  tobacco,  from  seed  directly 
from  Cuba,  which  I  have,  for  the  last  two  years 
extended,  in  the  growth  and  manufacture,  to  a  large 
amount,  have  far  exceeded  my  most  sanguine  expec- 
tations, in  respect  to  both  quality  and  number  : — the 
impediment  to  this  crop  arises  from  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  the  seed,  annually,  (which  is  essential) 
from  its  native  soil  and  clime  ;  in  which,  I  have  been 
disappointed,  eight  years  in  the  last  ten,  either  by 
the  failure  of  the  orders  for  it,  or  by  its  not  vegeta- 
ting, when  received. 

I  have  a  few  thousand  mulberry  stocks,  Multicau- 
lis,  and  White  Italian,  yet  too  young  for  the  worm, 
without  injury  to  their  growth ;  this  article,  with  its 


21 

manufacture,  needs  no  comment ; — -produce  i^— and, 
pro  tantOj  you  produce  wealth  : — ^yet,  with  arms  fold- 
ed, we  invoke  the  aid  of  Hercules ;  unconscious 
of  our  own  resources: — of  our  own  abilities,  to 
extricate  the  wheel. 

Some  saccharine  and  farinaceous  roots, — 'pota* 
toes' — ^beeis' — ^parsnips' — ^carrots,'  though  not  pro- 
fitable for  field  culture,  might  occupy  a  few  acres,  to 
advantage,  and  would  enable  us,  to  send  to  market, 
more  of  our  Indian  corn,  which,  for  several  years, 
has  been  a  scarce  and  costly  article. 

The  Hurnip^  the  ^ruta  baga,^  and  all  its  varieties, 
though  its  introduction  into  England,  is  said  to  have 
made  a  memorable  era  in  the  agriculture  of  that 
country,  I  hold  to  be  the  most  worthless  of  the  culti- 
vated roots — its  fibres  are  chiefly  ligneous — its  juices, 
aqueous : — without  meaning  any  disrespect  to  its 
numerous  eulogists,  I  might  fitly,  and  technically  term 
it  ^a  simple  hydrate  of  wood.^  It  may  answer  the 
mechanical  purpose,  of  filling  the  stomach,  and  ena- 
bling it  to  grapple  the  nutritive  matters  received  in 
it,  and  but  little  else.  One  of  the  best  analysts  in 
England,  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  reports  the  common 
turnip  to  contain  only-  forty-two  parts  of  soluble,  or 
nutritive  matter,  in  one  thousand  : — the  ruta  baga 
but  little  more. 

In  respect  to  the  'Indian  corn,'  a  crop  of  the  first 
magnitude,  it  may  seem  superfluous  to  make  a 
remark  : — though  well  cultivated,  on  this  Shore^ 
particularly,  yet,  it  is  a  singular  fact,  that  in  the  north- 
ern states,  where  the  climate  cannot  be  so  favourable 
to  its  growth,  as  that  of  Maryland,  their  crops  are 
much  more  productive,  yielding  80  to  100  bushels 
per  acre,  on  lands  of  moderate  capacity :  when,  on 
our  best  lands  30  to  40  is  considered  a  good  field 
4 


22 

average; — and  one-half  of  this  quantity  is  more 
than  an  ordinary  product; — it  follows,  that  we  are 
defective,  in  some  material  point ; — it  is  possibly,  in 
the  sort  that  they  excel  us ; — I  have  this  year,  tried 
three  of  their  varieties — but  will  say  nothing  deci- 
sively, of  them,  until  further  experiment. 

It  is  more  probably,  in  the  unnatural  practice,  of 
stripping  the  blades,  and  cutting  the  tops,  before  the 
grain  is  fully  matured,  hard,  and  firm — under  this 
general  pi-actical  error,  much  is  lost :  and  the  present 
season,  from  my  own  observation,  and  the  candid 
acknowledgment  of  many,  a  sacrifice  of  20  per  cent. 
at  least  of  the  corn  of  Dorchester,  has  been  incurred, 
by  this  fashionable  operation  :  this  practice  is  consi- 
dered essential  to  good  economy ; — and  to  be  per- 
formed, at  a  precise  period  of  the  sun  and  moon^s 
places  in  their  respective  orbits ;  and  all,  who  are, 
unfortunately  in  the  rear,  from  accident,  or  design, 
are  denounced  as  slothful  farmers. 

This  force  of  prejudice,  or,  rather,  this  ^lex  loci^ 
is  one  of  the  most  insuperable  impediments  to  agri- 
cultural improvement ;  and  in  no  instance,  perhaps, 
more  pernicious,  than  in  the  practice,  in  question — 
that  of  fodder-saving. 

The  vegetable  leaves,  or  blades,  are  the  lungs,  or 
organs  of  respiration  ;  and  very  analogous,  in  their 
functions,  to  those  of  the  animal ; — they  serve  to 
oxygenate  the  juices  of  the  plant,  and  prepare  them 
for  nutritive  secretion,  which  is  effected  by  clusters 
of  glands,  at  their  base,  or  junction  with  the  stock ; 
thence  to.be  transmitted  through  the  system ; — extir- 
pate, or  wound  these  organs,  and  their  functions, 
necessarily  cease,  or,  are  impaired  : — while  green 
and  succulent,  nature  designs  them  to  perform  their 
respective  offices; — when   withered,  and  dry,  they 


23  '• 

are  useless^  as  fodder ;  hence  the  practice  is  indefen- 
sible ;  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  unnatural,  singular, 
and  palpable  errors,  that  ever  obtained  credit  and 
currency  in  agriculture:  and  I  verily  believe,  it  is 
one  of  the  principal  causes  of  our  short  crops : — 
Moreover,  the  blades  above  the  ear,  continue,  longer, 
fresh,  and  succulent,  than  those  below  it ;  hence,  the 
clear  inference, — as  the  designs  of  nature,  are  fiever 
idle  and  superfluous,  that  their  physiological  purpose 
is  longer  required ; — and,  the  stock  having  already 
attained  its  full  growth,  at  the  time  the  practice 
commences,  the  remaining  purpose,  must,  of  neces- 
sity, be  to  elaborate  the  sap,  for  the  nutriment  of 
the  grain  alone. 

If  it  be  asked,  ^what  substitute  for  this  fodder?* 
the  plain  answer  is  to  be  found,  in  a  few  acres  of  the 
grasses,  of  which  we  are  strangely  deficient,  at  the 
present; — with  less  trouble,  and  less  cost,  these 
would,  abundantly,  supply  us. 

I  am  aware  of  the  hazard  incurred  by  an  encounter 
with  popular  prejudices, — and  by  multiplied  experi- 
ments with  multiplied  disappointments  openly  avow- 
ed— from  a  class  of  soi-disant  prudentials,  of  whom 
it  has  been  said,  Hndocti  stolidique,  et  depugnare 
paratV — to  these  I  willingly  concede  the  palm. 

In  regard  to  live  stock,  though  much  improved  by 
the  previous  efforts  of  our  Institution,  yet  much 
remains  to  be  done — a  few  stocks,  carefully  selected, 
well  fed,  and  protected  from  the  rigours  of  the 
winter,  will  be  found  most  profitable.  The  latter 
conditions  are  generally  held  unessential  to  that  va- 
luable animal,  the  hog,  which  is  supposed  to  possess 
the  rights  of  ubiquity,  and  of  subsisting  by  its  own 
faculties  of  enterprise — it  may  be  true,  it  is  hardy 
and  enterprising;   and  it  is  equally  true,  that  the 


24 

owner,  who  forces  it  to  exercise  these  rights  and 
these  faculties,  to  the  annoyance  of  others,  is  a  moral 
as  well  as  a  legal  agent  of  trespass — and  to  his  own 
injury ;  did  he  supply  from  his  own  resources,  food 
and  protection  to  this  useful  animal,  he  would  be 
greatly  profited,  and  his  conscience  would  approve 
the  act. 

The  subject  of  manures  and  their  peculiar  fitness 
for  different  soils,  would  fill  a  volume.  Upon  this,  I 
shall  only  remark,  that  calcareous  mattery  in  all  its 
combinations,  with  whatever  acid,  or  derived  from 
whatever  squrce,  is  directly  or  indirectly  an  essential 
constituent  of  all  manures — and  without  it,  all  are,  at 
least  comparatively  unavailing.  I  cannot  resist,  on 
this  subject,  the  impulse  to  pay  a  tribute  of  respect 
and  acknowledgment  to  Mr.  Edmund  Ruffin,  of 
Petersburg,  Va.  for  his  able  essay  on  calcareous 
manures,  the  fruit  of  much  labour  and  research — 
and  too,  for  his  'Farmer's  Register,'  a  monthly 
periodical  devoted  to  the  interests  of  agriculture  and 
sustained  by  the  best  talent  and  experience  of  the 
state. 

Upon  the  subject  of  calcareous  manures,  I  could 
add  but  little  useful — I  may  simply  illustrate  one  of 
its  modes  of  operation,  by  the  analogy,  in  a  chemical 
view,  to  the  action  of  alkalies  on  oils,  with  which 
they  make  'a.  homogeneous  mass,  miscible  with  water — 
so  does  lime  with  putrescent  manures,  make  with 
the  soil,  a  tertiary  compound,  easy  of  solution,  and 
well  adapted  for  vegetable  nutriment,  when,  without 
this  intermediate  substance,  the  mixture  is  merely 
mechanical,  loose  and  destructible,  by  every  shower 
or  rivulet  that  may  come  in  contact.  Lime,  too,  is  a 
constituent  of  the  vegetable  pabulum,  though  in  pro- 
portions differing  with  the  peculiarity  of  the  plant, 


25 

and  like  all  other  manures,  it  must  be  in  a  state  of 
solution,  to  be  admitted  through  the  very  delicate 
absorbents  into  the  vegetable  system ; — by  its  agency, 
the  soil,  the  manure,  and  itself  are  placed  in  this 
condition. 

I  have  witnessed  with  astonishment  a  very  preva- 
lent error,  in  favour  of  half  burning  shells  for 
manure — it  is  too  palpable  to  dwell  upon  the  fact, 
that  the  more  complete  the  calcination  and  conse- 
quent comminution  of  the  particles,  the  greater 
space  they  will  occupy,  and  the  more  efficient  will  be 
every  particle  in  the  space  occupied ;  because  more 
of  its  surface  is  exposed  to  action — if  partially  cal- 
cined, the  space  covered  will  not  only  be  smaller, 
but  it  will  contain  much  inoperative  matter,  and  the 
general  remark  that  in  time,  it  will  come  into  opera- 
tion, is  not  rational.  We  surely  wish  it  when  applied, 
to  operate  in  the  shortest  possible  time,  with  the 
smallest  possible  quantity,  and  with  the  greatest  pos- 
sible effect. 

I  have  used  the  half  decomposed  shells  of  the  old 
Indian  deposites,  twenty  years  ago,  which  appear  not 
to  have  advanced  in  calcination,  more  than  one  per 
cent,  at  the  present  day — requiring  rateably  for  the 
full  attainment  of  my  purpose,  the  fearful  lapse  of 
about  two  thousand  years,  and  consequently  a  ^good- 
ly share  of  the  king-becoming  grace  of  patience.^  I 
confess,  gentlemen,  I  would  rather  have  an  earlier 
result — some  may  prefer  to  wait,  yet,  ^omnia  non, 
pariter  rerum  omnibus  apta.^ 

In  respect  to  the  quantity  of  lime,  fifty  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty  bushels  per  acre,  are  upon  the  best 
authorities  stated  to  be  the  minimum  and  maximum, 
that  may  be  used  to  advantage — dependent,  chiefly, 
I  presume,  on  the  quantity  of  putrescent  matters 


26 

with  which  it  is  to  combine — somewhat  analogous  to 
the  law  of  chemical  equivalents. 

I  prefer  lime  to  marl,  in  general,  because  it  has 
more  identity  in  its  composition,  and  consequently 
more  of  a  definite  uniformity  in  its  action.  Marl  is 
often  found  in  a  gangiB»tr  of  ferruginous  salts  and 
other  substances,  fatal  to  vegetable  life,  and  it  varies 
in  its  contents  of  the  calcareous  matter  from  five  or 
ten  to  sixty  per  cent,  or  more,  and  considerably  often 
in  the  same  bed. 

Of  manures  in  general,  we  have  unlimited  resources: 
besides  those  of  the  regular  farm  yard,  we  have  the 
surface  soil  of  the  forest,  the  bottom  mud  of  marshes, 
branches  and  ponds — these  require  to  be  passed 
through  the  farm  yard,  to  receive  a  portion  of  the 
saline  offal;  or  to  be  heaped  in  the  fall  previous  to 
their  application,  with  lime  or  ashes  to  correct  their 
acidity — the  oxalic  acid  prevailing,  it  is  generally 
believed,  in  the  former,  and  the  sulphuric  in  the 
three  latter — and  to  allow  time  for  their  intimate 
incorporation  and  maturity;  which  method,  be  the 
rdtionaUy  right  or  wrong,  the  experience  of  many 
years  has  assured  me,  is  essential  to  a  good  result. 

Surface  manuring,  which  is  apparently  at  variance 
with  every  known  relative  principle,  has  some  able 
advocates  in  experience — the  adversary  principles 
appear  to  be  well  established;  yet  the  inferences 
drawn  from  them,  may  possibly  be  fallacious;  or, 
others  yet  to  be  discovered,  may  preponderate.  It 
is  a  question  of  primary  importance,  to  ascertain  the 
facts  in  the  case,  which  may  enable  us  to  adopt  the 
true  practice,  and  arrive  at  the  true  principles  on 
which  a  correct  theory  may  be  settled. 

This  leads  me  finally,  to  remark  upon  the  invete- 
rate antipathies  of  many,  to  the  very  name  of  Hheory* 


27 

and  of  'books,'  and  agricultural  'science.^  Upon  this 
subject  I  have  before  dwelt  with  much  earnestness, 
in  the  full  belief  of  the  marvellous  and  pernicious 
prevalence  of  the  sentiment. 

I  assume  ^consensu  omnium j''  'that  facts  are  essen- 
tial to  this,  as  well  as  to  every  art  or  science — a 
graphical  history  of  facts,  records  and  preserves 
them  from  being  lost  or  forgotten,  and  necessarily 
accumulates  and  virtually  multiplies  what  is  essential 
to  the  art  or  sciences  :  Theory  digests,  arranges  and 
makes  inductions  from  the  facts  collected  and  pre- 
served, and  though  the  conclusions  may  be  as  various 
as  the  minds  that  draw  them,  and  therefore  cannot 
all  be  correct ;  yet  they  contain  the  various  views 
and  best  judgment  of  those  who  are  in  the  habit  of 
reflecting  and  reasoning  upon  such  subjects — and 
they  present  for  the  consideration  of  others,  a  com- 
parative view  of  the  various  relations  and  inductions, 
of  which  the  facts  are  susceptible.  And  thus  they 
enable  a  very  untutored  mind  to  form  a  correct  judg- 
ment upon  subjects  which  it  could  not  have  attained, 
without  the  assistance  of  books  and  the  elucidations 
of  science. 

Of  these  advantages  chemistry  and  geology  afford 
well  marked  instances. 

By  ^chemistry,^  we  learn  the  ultimate  principles  of 
bodies,  and  their  several  combinations;  and,  by  a 
detection  of  those,  which,  in  point  of  fact,  are  con- 
ducive to  vegetable  life,  as  well  as  those  which  are 
inimical  to  it,  we  are  enabled  to  correct  the  one  and 
supply  the  other,  as  interest  may  incline  us, — and, 
often  by  the  agency  of  foreign  substances,  cheap  and 
easily  obtained,  to  convert  rancorous  poisons  into 
salutary  nutriment.  Sulphate  of  iron  for  instance,  is 
a  deadly  poison  to  the  vegetable  system ;  the  metal 


\JCSB  LIBRARY 


mnmimmiS^.ii^^''  faquty 


A     000  694  012 


